HELLO STUDENTS: DAY- 6 Evening
1.LIST OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY (ART):
* Intra - Uterine insemination (IUI),in this semen is introduced into the uterus through the vagina by a Catheter.
*In vitro fertilization (IVF),this is also called as Test tube baby.In this technique,sperm and eggs are allowed to unite outside the body.In this embryos are cryopreserved in frozen state(Frozen embryo transfer technology is used- FET ).In this Cryopreservation technique ,-196 C low temperature is maintained using liquid nitrogen. The steps involved in this are 1) ovarian stimulation 2)egg retrieval 3) fertilization 4) embryo culture and 5) embryo transfer.In this Zygote is with 8 celled blastomeres stage are used.
*Embryo transfer technique (ETR)
This is the transfer of an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres stage into uterus.
*Zygote intra- fallopian transfer(ZIFT)
In this ,the Zygote upto 8 blastomeres stage is transferred to the fallopian tube by laparoscopy.
*Gamete intra -fallopian transfer (GIFT)
Eggs and sperms are directly introduced in one of the fallopian tubes.
*Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
In this method only one sperm is injected into the focal point of the egg cytoplasm to fertilize and zygote with 8 celled blastomeres are introduced to the uterus.
*Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
*Oocyte and Sperm donation and
*Surrogacy: In this by an agreement whereby a woman agrees to carry a pregnancy for another person,who will become the newborn child's parent after birth.
2.TERMINOLOGY USED IN MENSTRUAL DISORDERS:
*Amenorrhea= Absence of Menstruation
*Primary Amenorrhea= Menarche does not appear till the age of 18.
*Secondary Amenorrhea= Absence of menstruation for over three consecutive months.
*Polymenorrhoea= Menstrual cycle that shorter than 21 days.
*Dysmenorrhoea= Pain associated with menstruation(Two types are noticed.Primary dysmenorrhoea is caused by secretions of prostaglandin in the Uterus.Secondary dysmenorrhoea is caused by endometriosis or Uterine fibroids.
*Menorrhagia= Heavy and prolonged menstrual period.
*Oligomenorrhoea=Infrequent menstrual periods.
3.GESTATION PERIODS OF VARIOUS ANIMALS:
*Human female = 280 Days ( 40 Weeks)
*Rat =22 to 23 Days
*North American Opossum= 12 Days (Very shortest gestation period)
*Elephant=640 to 660 Days (95 days ,very longest gestation period)
*Cow=283 Days
*Buffalo=281-334 Days
*Goat=150 Days
*Sheep=152 Days
*Horse=11 to 12 months
*Pig=114 Days
*Dog=58 to 68 Days
*Wild Boar=115 Days
*Tiger=93 to112 Days
*Lion=110 Days
*Giraffe= 15 months
*Camel = 410 Days
4.IMPORTANT GLANDS IN ORGANISMS AND HUMAN BEING :
*Collateral glands= Found in 3rd and 4th abdominal segments,secrete egg case of Ootheca.
*Conglobate glands (or) Phallic glands= Found in male cockroach,help in formation of outer covering for Spermatophore.
*Mushroom shaped gland (or ) Accessory reproductive gland = Found in 6th and 7th Abdominal segments of Male Cockroach.
*Coxal gland = Found in spiders and help in excretion.
*Green gland(or) Antennal gland= Found in Prawn and help in excretion.
*Brunner's glands= Found in the wall of Duodenum in human and Secrete mucous and enzymes.
*Salivary glands = Found in Buccal cavity of human and Secrete saliva.
*Gastric glands= Found in the Stomach wall and Secrete gastric enzymes.
*Mammary glands = Modified Sweat glands and Secrete milk after child birth.
*Sweat glands=Secrete sweat( Different types of sweat glands:1)Apocrine glands- found in scalp,armpits and groin.2)Holocrine glands (or) Sebaceous glands Secrete SEBUM.3)Merocrine glands (or) Eccrine glands - open directly into body surface and secret clear watery fluid.
*Seminal vesicles= Found in male reproductive system of human and secrete an alkaline fluid called Seminal plasma containing fructose sugar, ascorbic acid, prostaglandins and a coagulating enzyme called Vesiculase which enhances sperm motility.
*Bulbourethral glands (or) Cowper's glands=Found in the male reproductive system of human and secretions help in the lubrication of penis.
*Prostate gland = A single gland found in male reproductive system of human,encircles the urethra and located below the urinary bladder and secretes a slightly acidic fluid that contains citrate, several enzymes and prostate specific antigens.
*Bartholin's glands (or) Greater Vestibular glands= Located posterior to the right and left of the opening of the Vagina (or) Birth canal,Secrete mucous to lubricate the vagina and are homologous to the Bulbourethral glands of the male .
*Skene's glands= located on the anterior wall of the vagina and around the lower end of the urethra.They secrete a lubricating fluid for intercourse (coitus)and are homologous to the prostate gland of the males.
5.DENTAL FORMULA OF HUMAN AND VARIOUS ANIMALS:
The arrangement order is Incisors(I),Canine(C),Premolar(Pm) and Molar(M)
*The dental formula in human (Adult )is:
2123
---------×2
2123
*Dental formula of Man (17 to 20 Years):
2122
---------×2
2122
*Dental formula of a Child (2Years):
2102
-------- ×2
2102
*Dental formula of Rabbit:
2033
--------- ×2
1023
*Dental formula of Mouse :
1003
--------- ×2
1003
*Dental formula of Cow:
0033
--------- ×2
3133
*Dental formula of Horse:
3143
---------×2
3134
*Dental formula of Sheep
0033
---------×2
3133
*Major part of the mammalian teeth made up of Dentine.
*The number of teeth that grow twice in the human life is 20.
*The number of teeth that grow once in the human life is 12.
*In Elephant,tusks are modified incisors.
*In Nabus ,tusks are the modified canines.
*Thecodont dentition= Each tooth is embedded in a socket of jaw bone.
*Diphyodont dentition= Two sets of teeth during the life time ,A set of temporary teeth and a set of permanent teeth(32 adult teeth).
*Heterodont dentition= Presence of different kinds teeth like Incisors,Canines, Premolars and Molars.
6.VARIOUS TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND EXAMPLES :
*Regeneration means regrowth in the injured region.
*Regeneration was first studied in Hydra by ABRAHAM TREMBLEY in 1740.
*Simple irregular binary fission= Amoeba
*Transverse binary fission=Paramecium and Planaria
*Longitudinal binary fission=Vorticella and Euglena
*Obligate binary fission= Ceratium
*Multiple fission=Vorticella, Plasmodium and Amoeba.
*Encystment= Amoeba
*Strobilation=Aurelia
*Plasmotomy=Opalina and Pelomyxa(Giant amoeba)
*Sporulation=Amoeba
*Budding=Sponge(Leucosolenia) and Hydra
*Exogenous budding=Hydra
*Endogenous budding=Noctiluca
*Gemmule= Sponges
*Apolysis=Tapeworm
*Morphallaxis(Whole body grows from a small fragment)=
Hydra and Planaria
*Epimorphosis(Replacement of lost parts),two types namely Reparative and Restorative Regeneration.
*Reparative regeneration (only certain damaged tissues can be regenerated)= Hydra
*Restorative regeneration (in this severed body parts can develop)= Arms of Starfish and tail of Wall lizard.
*The power of regeneration is greater in Planaria and Sponges.
*Sponge when macerated and squeezed through fine silk cloth, the cluster of cells pass through,and these can regenerate new sponges.This technique is used for Cultivation of Sponges.
7.PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE ( in mm Hg):
*PO2 in Atmospheric air= 159 mm Hg
*PO2 in Alveoli= 104 mm Hg
*PO2 in Deoxygenated blood= 40 mm Hg
*PO2 in Oxygenated blood = 95 mm Hg
*PO2 in Tissues = 40 mm Hg
*PCO2 in Atmospheric air=0.3 mm Hg
*PCO2 in Alveoli= 40 mm Hg
*PCO2 in Deoxygenated blood = 45 mm Hg
*PCO2 in Oxygenated blood = 40 mm Hg
*PCO2 in Tissues = 45 mm Hg.
By
Mr.R.Soundarapandian, MSc, MEd, MPhil,
PG Asst Zoology
SIR MCTM Boys Higher Secondary School,
Purasawalkam Chennai-84.
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