HELLO STUDENTS: DAY- 6 Morning
1. CRANIAL NERVES IN HUMAN AND THEIR FUNCTIONS:
*Olfactory nerve (I)=Sense of smell(Sensory).
*Optic nerve (II)=Sense of sight (Sensory)
*Oculomotor nerves(III)=Movement of the eye(Motor)
*Trochlear nerve (IV)=Rotation of the eye ball (Motor)
*Trigeminal nerve(V)=Functioning of facial parts(Sensory and motor-Mixed)
*Abducens nerve (VI)=Rotation of the eye ball (Motor)
*Facial nerve (VII)=Functioning of facial parts (Mixed)
*Auditory(or)Vestibulo Cochlear nerve(VIII)=Maintains the equilibrium of the body and Auditory function(Sensory)
*Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)=Taste and touch(Mixed)
*Vagus(X)=Regulation of the visceral organs(Mixed)
*Spinal accessory(XI)=Muscular movement of Pharynx,larynx,neck and shoulder.
*Hypoglossal(XII)=Speech and Swallowing (Motor).
*There are 12 pairs of Cranial nerves in Human being ( First two pairs are arise from the fore brain and other ten are from the mid brain)
*There are 31 pairs of Spinal nerves in Human being (Cervical nerves=8pairs,Thoracic nerves=12pairs,Lumbar nerves=5pairs,Sacral nerves=5pairs and Coccygeal nerves=1pair).
2.FACTS ON BONES OF THE HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM:
*Total number of bones in adults = 206
*Total number of bones in Axial Skeleton is = 80 Bones (Skull 29,Vertebral column in adults 26, Sternum 1 and Ribs 24).
*Total number of bones in Appendicular Skeleton= 126 Bones( Fore limb 60, Hind limb 60, Pectoral girdle 4, Pelvic girdle 2).
*Total number of bones in Skull =29( Cranium 8, Facial bone 14, Bones of middle ear 6 (2×3) and Hyoid bone 1).
*Total number of bones in Vertebral column in adults = 26( Cervical 7, Thoracic 12,Lumbar 5, Five bones are fused to 1 and Four bones are fused to 1).
*Total number of bone in Sternum = 1
* Total numbers of bones in Ribs =12 pairs=12×2=24(The first 7 pairs of ribs are called "True Ribs" (or)Vertebro- Sternal ribs,The 8th,9th and 10th pairs of ribs are called "False ribs"(or)Vertebro -Chondral ribs and The last 11th and 12th pairs are called" Floating ribs "(or) Vertebral ribs.
*Total number of bones in Fore limb= 2×30 = 60 (Humerus 1,Radius 1,Ulna 1,Carpals 8,Metacarpals 5 and Phalanges 14).
*Total number of bones in Hind limb=2×30=60 ( Femur 1,Tibia 1,Fibula 1, Tarsala 7, Metatarsals 5,Phalanges 14 and Patella ( Knee bone).
*Pectoral girdle =2×2=4(Scapula 1and Clavicle 1)
*Pelvic girdle =1×2=2(Innominate 1= Ilium,Ischiumand pubis fused into one bone).
3. COMMON OTHER NAMES USED IN BIOLOGY:
Satiety centre= Hypothalamus,*Master gland (or) Master of Endocrine Orchestra= Pituitary gland,*Time messenger= Melatonin ,"3F Hormone"= Adrenaline (or) Epinephrine*Personality Hormone= Thyroxine (or) T4 (or) Tetraiodothyronine*Pace Setter= Thyroid gland, Rapid Birth Hormone =Oxytocin,Antidiuretic Hormone=Vasopressin,*Chemical messengers= Hormones*Vital Knot = Medulla oblongata,*Horse's Tail =Cauda equina,*Interventricular foramen = Foramen of Monro,*Urea Biosynthesis= Ornithine Cycle,*Artificial dialysis= Artificial Kidney,*Ductless glands = Endocrine glands,*Universal donar= 'O' Blood group, Universal recipient="AB" Blood group,*Soldiers of our body (or)Police force inside the body =Leucocytes (or) White Blood Corpuscles (WBC),*Graveyard of RBC=Spleen,*Pace maker of the Heart (or) Heart of Heart (or)Heart inside the Heart = Sino-atrial node (SA node),
Store house of the sperms=Epididymis,*Mitral valve= Bicuspid valve (or)Left auriculo ventricular valves,"Flight , Fright and fight hormone "= Adrenaline (or) Epinephrine,Emergency Hormone= Adrenaline (or) Epinephrine,*Anti-inflammatory agent (or) Life -saving hormone= Cortisol,*Supra renal glands= Adrenal gland,*Cell within a cell (or) Parasitic organelles of the cell =Mitochondria,*Power House of the Cells=Mitochondria,*Energy currency of the cell = ATP molecules,*Store house of the cell = Vacuole,*Suicidal bags of the cell= Lysosomes,*Kitchen of a cell=Chloroplast,*Exopthalmic goitre=Grave's disease (or) Thyrotoxicosis,*Glorified Reptiles=Aves,*Clot Buster= STREPTOKINASE,*Queen of Drugs= Penicillin,*Antisterilitic Vitamin= Vitamin E,*Antidiabetic Hormone = Insulin,*Hyperglycemic hormone = Glucagon,*Funny Bone = Clavicle,*Terrible lizard= Dinosaurs,*Age of Mammals=Holocene Epoch,*Age of fishes= Devonian period,*Cradle of ancient life =Paleozoic era,*Carboniferous period= Pennsylvania n and earlier Mississippian, Golden Age of Reptiles= Mesozoic era.
4. TYPES OF TWINS:
*IDENTICAL (or) MONOZYGOTIC TWINS=Produced when a single fertilised egg splits into two during the first cleavage ,they are of same Sex,look alike and share the same genes.
*FRATERNAL TWINS (or) DIZYGOTIC TWINS= Produced when two separate eggs are fertilised by two separate sperms.The twins may be of the same Sex(or) different sex and are Non -Identical .
*SIAMESE (or) UNITED TWINS (or) CONJUGATED TWINS= Conjugated twins develop when an early embryo partially separates to form two individuals.
5 . ENDOCRINE SECRETIONS OF PLACENTA
( Temporary Endocrine Gland during Pregnancy):
*Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG),
*Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin(hCS),*Human Placental Lactogen (hPL),*Oestrogen ,*Progesterone and * Relaxin during later phase of pregnancy.
6. DERIVATIVES OF PRIMARY GERM LAYERS:
*ECTODERM= Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal cord), Peripheral nervous system, Epidermis and its derivatives and Mammary glands.
*MESODERM= The Connective tissue ,Cartilage and Bone, Muscles and Organs of urinogenital system like Kidney,Ureter and Gonads( Testes and Ovaries).
*ENDODERM= Epithelial cells of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract,Liver,Pancreas, Thyroid and Parathyroid gland.
7.LIST OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY (ART):
* Intra - Uterine insemination (IUI),in this semen is introduced into the uterus through the vagina by a Catheter.
*In vitro fertilization (IVF),this is also called as Test tube baby.In this technique,sperm and eggs are allowed to unite outside the body.In this embryos are cryopreserved in frozen state(Frozen embryo transfer technology is used- FET ).In this Cryopreservation technique ,-196 C low temperature is maintained using liquid nitrogen. The steps involved in this are 1) ovarian stimulation 2)egg retrieval 3) fertilization 4) embryo culture and 5) embryo transfer.In this Zygote is with 8 celled blastomeres stage are used.
*Embryo transfer technique (ETR)
This is the transfer of an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres stage into uterus.
*Zygote intra- fallopian transfer(ZIFT)
In this ,the Zygote upto 8 blastomeres stage is transferred to the fallopian tube by laparoscopy.
*Gamete intra -fallopian transfer (GIFT)
Eggs and sperms are directly introduced in one of the fallopian tubes.
*Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
In this method only one sperm is injected into the focal point of the egg cytoplasm to fertilize and zygote with 8 celled blastomeres are introduced to the uterus.
*Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
*Oocyte and Sperm donation and
*Surrogacy: In this by an agreement whereby a woman agrees to carry a pregnancy for another person,who will become the newborn child's parent after birth.
8.TERMINOLOGY USED IN MENSTRUAL DISORDERS:
*Amenorrhea= Absence of Menstruation
*Primary Amenorrhea= Menarche does not appear till the age of 18.
*Secondary Amenorrhea= Absence of menstruation for over three consecutive months.
*Polymenorrhoea= Menstrual cycle that shorter than 21 days.
*Dysmenorrhoea= Pain associated with menstruation(Two types are noticed.Primary dysmenorrhoea is caused by secretions of prostaglandin in the Uterus.Secondary dysmenorrhoea is caused by endometriosis or Uterine fibroids.
*Menorrhagia= Heavy and prolonged menstrual period.
*Oligomenorrhoea=Infrequent menstrual periods.
By
Mr.R.Soundarapandian, MSc, MEd, MPhil,
PG Asst Zoology
SIR MCTM Boys Higher Secondary School,
Purasawalkam Chennai-84.
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