IMPORTANT TERMS:
v Actin:Contractile protein forming thin filaments in the sarcoplasm of a muscle fibre.
v Arthritis:Painful inflammation of the joints which may make the later immovable.
v Axial Skeleton:The skeleton elements which are present along the longitudinal axis of the body.
v Contractility:The property of muscle cells by which they can shorten forcefully and return to relaxed state.
v Excitability:The property of nerve cells by which they react by changing the pre-existing potential differences across their membrane and by conducting their potential change like a wave along their membrane.
v Joints: The place of articulation between two or more bones, or between a bone and a cartilage.
v Locomotion:Refers to the change in place of an organism.
v Movement:Refers to the change in position of an organ or organism.
v Myoglobin:An oxygen storing red coloured protein.
v Myosin:Contractile protein forming thick filaments in the sarcoplasm of a muscle fibre.
v Osteoporosis:Age dependent deterioration of bone, which makes the later fragile and prone to fracture.
v Pannus:Abnormal granules secreted by the synovial membrane on inflammation causing erosion of cartilage.
v Tropomyosin:Rod shaped fibrous protein forming two helical strands wrapped around the F- actin.
v Troponin:Small globular protein, which masks the active sites on the F-actin.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
v Cervical Vertebrae:Most mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae but some mammals possess less than 7 or more than 7 cervical vertebrae. For example: 6 in two toed sloth (Choloepus), 9 in three toed sloth (Brandypus), 8 in ant bear (Tamandua), 6 in manatee (Trichechus).
v Types of Vertebrae:On the basis of shape of the Centrum, vertebrae are of following types: (i) Procoelous: Centrum is concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly , e.g., typical vertebrae of frog, lizard and snakes.
(ii) Amphicoelous: Centrum is concave at both ends, e.g., vertebrae of most fishes and 8th vertebra of frog.
(iii) Acoelous or amphiplatyan: Centrum is flat at both ends, without a concavity, e.g., vertebrae of most mammals, 9th vertebra of frog.
(iv) Heterocoelous: The Centrum is like a saddle, e.g., vertebrae of birds.
(v) Opisthocoelus: Posterior face of Centrum is concave and anterior face is convex, e.g., vertebrae of tailed amphibians.
v Smallest Bone: Stapes.
v Longest Bone: Femur.
v Strongest Bone: Shin bone (Tibia).
v Longest Muscle/Tailor Muscle: Sartorius.
v Largest Muscle: Gluteus maximus (buttock muscle).
v Smallest Muscle: Stapedius (which controls the stapes).
v Sesamoid Bones: An oval nodule of bone or fibrocartilage a seed of sesame (till) in shape, e.g., patella (knee cap).
v Investing or Dermal or Membrane Bones: Bones developing in the dermis of the skin as plate and sink to get attached over the cartilaginous endoskeleton, e.g., frontal, nasals, vomers and parietals of the skull.
v Cartilaginous or Replacing Bones: Develop from the pre-existing cartilage and practically replace the cartilage, also called endochondrial bones, e.g., humerus, femur.
v Visceral Bones: Formed in soft organs, e.g., os cordisin the cattle heart, os penis in bat penis.
v Wish Bone (Merry Thought): A V-shaped bone formed by union of clavicles and interclavicles in birds.
v Myology:Study of muscles.
v Osteology:Study of skeleton.
v Kineseology:Study of body movements.
v Arthrology:Study of joints.
v Rigor Mortis:Rigidity of muscles that occurs after death. It disappears some fifteen to twenty five hours after death as proteins are degraded.
v Summation: When a second stimulus is given to a muscle which is still contracting in response to the first stimulus, the second contraction is stronger than normal. This effect is called mechanical summation.
v Isotonic Contraction: Muscle shortens and the part containing it moves and lifts or pushes a load.
v Isometric Contraction:Muscle becomes tense but does not shorten and fails to move the load.
v Muscular Atropy:Decrease in muscle size due to disuse or damaged innervation.
Muscular Hypertrophy: Enlargement of individual muscle fibres to compensate for the damaged muscle fibres.
Mr. A. KINGSLIN M.Sc, BEd, Phd,(doing)
Post a Comment